16 June 2011

Oxford 3000

The Oxford Mega 3000

The keywords of the Oxford 3000 have been carefully selected by a group of language experts and experienced teachers as the words which should receive priority in vocabulary study because of their importance and usefulness. The selection is based on three criteria. The words which occur most frequently in English are included, based on the information in the British National Corpus and the Oxford Corpus Collection. (A corpus is an electronically held collection of written or spoken texts, often consisting of hundreds of millions of words.) However, being frequent in the corpus alone is not enough for a word to qualify as a keyword: it may be that the word is used very frequently, but only in a narrowly defined area, such as newspapers or scientific articles. In order to avoid including these restricted words, we include as keywords only those words which are frequent across a range of different types of text. In other words, keywords are both frequent and used in a variety of contexts. In addition, the list includes some very important words which happen not to be used frequently, even though they are very familiar to most users of English. These include, for example, words for parts of the body, words used in travel, and words which are useful for explaining what you mean when you do not know the exact word for something. These words were identified by consulting a panel of over seventy experts in the fields of teaching and language study. The words of the Oxford 3000 are shown in the main section of the dictionary with a preceding key symbol ( ). The entries for keywords often have extra information in the form of more examples of use, special notes explaining synonyms or related words, or helpful illustrations. This means that the keywords make an excellent starting point for expanding your vocabulary. With most keywords, there is far more to learn about them than the first meaning in the entry: often these words have many meanings, have a large family of words derived from them, or are used in a variety of patterns. All of this means that each one of the keywords repays close study. The list covers British and American English. It is arranged to emphasize the connections between words, so that words which are very closely related (including adverbs ending in -ly and opposites starting with un-) are grouped together. Some basic phrases are also included. Proper names (names of people, places, etc. beginning with a capital letter) and numbers are not included in the main list. A separate list of words which are important for language study, but less important in everyday life, follows the main list. Knowing these words will help you to understand more of the information given in the entries, especially regarding the word’s grammar and register (whether it is formal, informal, etc.). In order to make the definitions in this dictionary easy to understand, we have written them using the keywords of the Oxford 3000. All words used in normal definition text are keywords, or are on the list of language study terms. Numbers and proper names are also used in definitions. When it has been necessary to use a specialist term which is not in the Oxford 3000, the word is shown in small capitals. If you do not know the meaning of this word, look it up in the dictionary: it will help you to understand the definition that you are interested in, and will probably be a useful word to learn because it will be related to the original word you looked up. Of course, your own interests and circumstances mean that you will certainly want to learn other words which are not part of the Oxford 3000. You will find specialist lists for those whose area of work or study is science, the arts, or business and finance after the main list. These words are the next most important words to learn after the Oxford 3000 if you are interested in one of these fields. The lists are based on analyses of specialist corpora and include the next most frequent words after the keywords of the Oxford 3000.
Abandon v. abandoned adj.
ability n. able adj. unable adj.
about adv., prep. above prep., adv.
abroad adv. absence n.
absent adj.
absolute adj. absolutely adv.
absorb v.
abuse n., v.
academic adj.
accent n. accept v.
acceptable adj. unacceptable adj.
access n.
accident n. by accident accidental adj. accidentally adv.
accommodation n.
accompany v.
according to prep.
account n., v.
accurate adj.
accurately adv.
accuse v.
achieve v.
achievement n.
acid n.
acknowledge v.
acquire v.
across adv., prep.
act n., v.
action n. take action
active adj. actively adv. activity n.
actor, actress n.
actual adj. actually adv.
advertisement n.
adapt v.
add v. addition n. in addition (to) additional adj.
address n., v.
adequate adj. adequately adv.
adjust v.
admiration n. admire v.
admit v.
adopt v.
adult n., adj.
advance n., v.
advanced adj. in advance
advantage n. take advantage of
adventure n.
advertise v. advertising n. advertisement (also ad, advert) n.
advice n. advise v.
affair n.
affect v.
affection n.
afford v.
afraid adj.
after prep., conj., adv.
afternoon n.
afterwards (especially BrE; NAmE usually afterward) adv.
again adv.
against prep.
age n. aged adj.
agency n. agent n.
aggressive adj.
ago adv.
agree v. agreement n.
ahead adv.
aid n., v.
aim n., v.
air n.
aircraft n.
airport n.
alarm n., v.
alarming adj. alarmed adj.
alcohol n. alcoholic adj., n.
alive adj.
all det., pron., adv.
allow v.
all right adj., adv.,
exclamation
ally n., v.
allied adj.
almost adv.
alone adj., adv.
along prep., adv.
alongside prep., adv.
aloud adv.
alphabet n. alphabetical adj. alphabetically adv.
already adv. also adv.
alter v. alternative n., adj. alternatively adv.
although conj.
altogether adv.
always adv. a.m. (NAmE also .M.) abbr.
amaze v. amazing adj. amazed adj.
ambition n.
ambulance n.
among (also amongst) rep.
amount n., v. amuse v.
amusing adj. amused adj. an
analyse (BrE) (NAmE analyze) v. analysis n.
ancient adj. and conj.
anger n. angle n.
angry adj. angrily adv.
animal n.
ankle n.
anniversary n.
announce v.
annoy v. annoying adj. annoyed adj.
annual adj. annually adv.
another et., pron.
answer n., v.
anti- prefix anticipate v.
anxiety n. anxious adj. anxiously adv.
any det., pron., adv.
anyone (also anybody) pron.
anything pron.
anyway adv.
anywhere adv. apart adv.
apart from also aside from especially in NAmE) prep.
apartment n. (especially NAmE)
apologize (BrE also -ise) v.
apparent adj.
apparently adv.
appeal n., v.
appear v.
appearance n.
apple n.
application n.
apply v.
appoint v. appointment n.
appreciate v.
approach v., n.
appropriate adj.
approval n. approve (of) .approving adj.
approximate adj. approximately adv.
April n. (abbr. Apr.)
area n.
argue v. argument n.
arise v. arm n., v.
arms n. armed adj. army n.
around adv., prep.
arrange v.
arrangement n.
arrest ., n.
arrival n.
arrive v.
arrow n.
art n.
article n.
artificial adj.
artificially adv.
artist n. artistic adj. as rep., adv., conj.
ashamed adj.
aside adv. aside from
apart from ask v.
asleep adj. fall asleep
aspect n.
assist v. assistance n. assistant n., adj.
associate v. associated with association n.
assume v.
assure v. at prep.
atmosphere n.
atom n.
attach v. attached adj.
attack n., v.
attempt n., .attempted adj.
attend v.
attention n. pay attention attitude n. attorney n. (especially NAmE)
attract v. attraction n. attractive adj.
audience n.
August n. (abbr. Aug.)
aunt n.
author n.
authority n.
automatic adj. automatically adv.
autumn n. (especially BrE)
available adj.
average adj., n.
avoid v.
awake adj.
award n., v.
aware adj.
away adv.
awful adj.
awfully adv.
awkward adj. awkwardly adv.
baby n.
back n., adj., adv., v.
background n.
backwards (also backward especially in NAmE) adv.
backward adj.
bacteria n.
bad adj. go bad badly adv.
bad-tempered adj.
bag n.
baggage n. especially NAmE)
bake v.
balance n., v.
ball n.
ban v., n.
band n.
bandage n., v.
bank n.
bar n.
bargain n.
barrier n.
base n., v.
based on basic adj.
basically adv.
basis n.
bath n.
bathroom n.
battery n.
battle n.
bay n.
be v., auxiliary v.
beach n.
beak n.
bear v.
beard n.
beat n., v.
beautiful adj. beautifully adv. beauty n.
because conj. because of prep.
become v.
bed n. bedroom n.
beef n. beer n. before prep., conj., adv.
begin v. beginning n.
behalf n.: on behalf of sb, on sb’s behalf BrE) NAmE in behalf of sb, in sb’s behalf)
behave v. behaviour (BrE) (NAmE behavior) n.
behind prep., adv.
belief n. believe v.
bell n.
belong v.
below prep., adv.
belt n.
bend v., n. bent adj.
beneath prep., adv.
benefit n., v.
beside prep.
bet v., n.
betting n.
better, best, good, well between prep., adv.
beyond prep., adv.
bicycle (also bike) n.
bid v., n.
big adj.
bill n.
bin n. (BrE) biology n.
bird n.
birth n.ive birth (to) birthday n.
biscuit n. (BrE)
bit n. (especially BrE) a bit bite v., n.
bitter adj. bitterly adv.
black adj., n.
blade n.
blame v., n.
blank adj., n. blankly adv.
blind adj.
block n., v.
blonde adj., n., blond adj.
blood n.
blow v., n.
blue adj., n.
board n., v. on board
boat n.
body n.
boil v.
bomb n., v.
bone n.
book n., v.
boot n.
border n.
bore v. boring adj. bored adj.
born: be born v.
borrow v.
boss n.
both et., pron.
bother v.
bottle n.
bottom n., adj.
bound adj.:
bound to
bowl n.
box n.
boy n.
boyfriend n.
brain n.
branch n.
brand n.
brave adj.
bread n.
break v., n.
broken adj.
breakfast n.
breast n.
breath n. breathe v. breathing n.
breed v., n.
brick n.
bridge n.
brief adj. briefly adv.
bright adj. brightly adv. brilliant adj. bring v.
broad adj. broadly adv.
broadcast v., n.
broken, break
brother n.
brown adj., .
brush n., v.
bubble n.
budget n.
build v. building n.
bullet n.
bunch n.
burn v. burnt adj.
burst v.
bury us n.
bush n.
business n. businessman, businesswoman n.
busy adj. but conj.
butter n.
button n.
buy v. buyer n.
by prep., adv.
bye exclamation c abbr.
cent
cabinet n.
cable n.
cake n.
calculate v. calculation n.
call v., n. be called
calm adj., v., n. calmly adv.
camera n. camp n., v.
camping n. campaign n. can modal v., n.
cannot could modal v.
cancel v.
cancer n.
candidate n.
candy n. NAmE)
cap n.
capable (of) adj.
capacity n.
capital n., adj.
captain n.
capture v., n.
car n.
card n.
cardboard n.
care n., v. take
care (of) care for
career n.
careful adj.
carefully adv.
careless adj.
carelessly adv.
carpet n.
carrot n.
carry v.
case n. in case (of)
cash n. cast v., n.
castle n. cat n.
catch v.
category n.
cause n., v. CD n.
cease v.
ceiling n.
celebrate v.
celebration n.
cell n.
cell phone (also cellular phone) n. (especially NAmE)
cent n. (abbr. c, ct)
centimetre (BrE) (NAmE centimeter) n. (abbr. cm)
central adj. centre (BrE) (NAmE center) n.
century n.
ceremony n.
certain adj., pron.
certainly adv. uncertain adj.
certificate n.
chain n., v.
chair n.
chairman, chairwoman n.
challenge n., v.
chamber n.
chance n.
change v., n.
channel n.
chapter n.
character n.
characteristic adj., n.
charge n., v. in charge of charity n.
chart n., v.
chase v., n.
chat v., n.
cheap adj.
cheaply adv.
cheat v., n.
check v., n.
cheek n.
cheerful adj.
cheerfully adv.
cheese n.
chemical adj., n.
chemist n.
chemist’s n. (BrE) chemistry n.
cheque n. (BrE) (NAmE check)
chest n.
chew v.
chicken n.
chief adj., n.
child n.
chin n.
chip n.
chocolate n.
choice n.
choose v.
chop v.
church n.
cigarette n.
cinema n. (especially BrE)
circle n.
circumstance n.
citizen n.
city n.
civil adj.
claim v., n.
clap v., n.
class n.
classic adj., n.
classroom n.
clean adj., v.
clear adj., v. clearly adv.
clerk n.
clever adj.
click v., n.
client n.
climate n.
climb v. climbing n.
clock n.
close /kləʊs, NAmE kloʊs/ adj. closely dv. close /kləʊz, NAmE kləʊz/ v. closed adj.
closet n. (especially NAmE)
cloth n. clothes n. clothing n.
cloud n.
club n. m abbr. centimeter
coach n.
coal n.
coast n.
coat n. code n.
coffee n.
coin n.
cold adj., n. coldly adv.
collapse v., n.
colleague n.
collect v.
collection n.
college n.
colour (BrE) NAmE color) n., v. coloured (BrE) (NAmE colored) adj.
column n.
combination n. combine v.
come v.
comedy n.
comfort n., v. comfortable adj. comfortably adv. uncomfortable adj.
command v., n.
comment n., v.
commercial adj.
commission n., v.
commit v.
commitment n.
committee n.
common adj. in common commonly adv.
communicate v.
communication n.
community n.
company n.
compare v.
comparison n.
compete v. competition n. competitive adj.
complain v. complaint n.
complete adj., v. completely adv.
complex adj.
complicate v. complicated adj.
computer n.
concentrate v. concentration n.
concept n.
concern v., n. concerned adj. concerning prep.
concert .
conclude v. conclusion n.
concrete adj., n.
condition n.
conduct v., n.
conference n.
confidence n. confident adj. confidently adv.
confine v. confined adj.
confirm v.
conflict n., v.
confront v.
confuse v. confusing adj. confused adj. confusion n.
congratulations n.
congress n.
connect v. connection n.
conscious adj. unconscious adj.
consequence n.
conservative adj.
consider v. considerable adj. considerably adv. consideration n.
consist of v.
constant adj. constantly adv.
construct v. construction n.
consult v.
consumer n.
contact n., v.
contain v.
container n.
contemporary adj.
content n.
contest n.
context n.
continent n.
continue v. continuous adj. continuously adv.
contract ., v.
contrast n., v. contrasting adj.
contribute v. contribution n.
control n., v. in control (of) under control. controlled adj. uncontrolled adj.
convenient adj.
convention n. conventional adj.
conversation .
convert v.
convince v.
cook v., n. cooking n. cooker n. (BrE)
cookie n. (especially NAmE)
cool adj., v.
cope (with) v.
copy n., v.
core n.
corner n.
correct adj., v. correctly adv.
cost n., v.
cottage n. cotton n.
cough v., n. coughing n.
could can
council n.
count v.
counter n.
country n. countryside n. county n.
couple n. a couple
courage n.
course n. of course
court n.
cousin n.
cover v., n. covered dj. covering n.
cow n.
crack n., v. cracked adj.
craft n.
crash n., v.
crazy adj.
cream n., adj.
create v. creature n.
credit n. credit card n.
crime n. criminal adj., n.
crisis n.
crisp adj.
criterion n.
critical adj.
criticism n. criticize (BrE also -ise) v.
crop n.
cross n., v.
crowd n. crowded adj.
crown n.
crucial adj.
cruel adj.
crush v.
cry v., n. ct abbr. cent cultural adj.
culture n.
cup n.
cupboard n.
curb v.
cure ., .
curious adj.
curiously adv.
curl v., n.
curly adj.
current adj., n. currently adv.
curtain n.
curve n., v. curved adj.
custom n. customer n. customs n.
cut v., n.
cycle n., v. cycling n.
dad n.
daily adj.
damage n., v. amp adj.
dance n., v.
dancing n.
dancer n.
danger n.
dangerous adj.
dare v.
dark dj., .
data n.
date n., v.
daughter n.
day n.
dead adj.
deaf adj.
deal v., n. deal with
dear adj.
death n.
debate n., v.
debt n.
decade n.
decay n., v.
December n. (abbr. Dec.)
decide v.
decision n.
declare v.
decline n., v.
decorate v. decoration n. decorative adj.
decrease v., n.
deep adj., adv. deeply adv.
defeat v., n.
defence (BrE) (NAmE defense) n.
defend v.
define v.
definite adj.
definitely adv.
definition n.
degree n.
delay n., v.
deliberate adj. deliberately adv.
delicate adj.
delight n., v. delighted adj.
deliver v. delivery n.
demand n., v.
demonstrate v.
dentist n.
deny v.
department n.
departure n.
depend (on) v.
deposit n., v.
depress v. depressing adj. depressed adj.
depth n.
derive v.
describe v. description n.
desert n., v. deserted adj.
deserve v.
design n., v.
desire n., v.
desk n.
desperate adj. desperately adv.
despite prep.
destroy v.
destruction n.
detail n. in detail detailed adj.
determination n. determine v. determined adj.
develop v. development n.
device n.
devote v. devoted adj.
diagram n.
diamond n.
diary n.
dictionary n.
die v. dying adj.
diet n.
difference n. different adj. differently adv.
difficult adj. difficulty n.
dig v.
dinner n.
direct adj., v. directly adv. direction n. director n.
dirt n. dirty adj.
disabled adj.
disadvantage n.
disagree v. disagreement n.
disappear v.
disappoint v. disappointing adj. disappointed adj. disappointment n.
disapproval n. disapprove (of) v. disapproving adj.
disaster n. disc (also disk, especially in NAmE) n.
discipline n.
discount n.
discover v. discovery n.
discuss v. discussion n.
disease n.
disgust v., n. disgusting adj. disgusted adj.
dish n.
dishonest adj. dishonestly adv.
disk n.
dislike v., n.
dismiss v.
display v., n.
dissolve v.
distance n.
distinguish v.
distribute v.
distribution n.
district n.
disturb v. disturbing adj.
divide v. division n.
divorce n., v. divorced adj.
do v., auxiliary v. undo v.
doctor n. (abbr. Dr, NAmE r.)
document n.
dog n.
dollar n.
domestic adj.
dominate v.
door n.
dot n.
double adj., det., adv., n.,
doubt n., v.
down adv., prep.
downstairs adv., adj., n.
downwards (also downward especially in AmE) adv. downward adj.
dozen n., det.
Dr (BrE) (also Dr. NAmE, BrE) abbr. doctor
draft n., adj., v.
drag v.
drama n.
dramatic adj. dramatically adv.
draw v. drawing n.
drawer n.
dream n., v.
dress n., v. dressed adj.
drink n., v. drive v., n. driving n. driver n.
drop v., n.
drug n.
drugstore n. (NAmE)
drum n.
drunk adj.
dry adj., v.
due adj. due to dull adj.
dump v., n.
during prep.
dust n., v.
duty n.
DVD n.
each det., pron.
each other (also one another) pron.
ear n.
early adj., adv.
earn v.
earth n.
ease n.,
east n., adj., adv.
eastern adj.
easy adj. easily adv.
eat v.
economic adj.
economy n.
edge n.
edition .
editor n.
educate v. educated adj. education n.
effect n. effective adj. effectively adv.
efficient adj. efficiently adv.
effort n. e.g. abbr.
egg n.
either det., pron., adv.
elbow n.
elderly adj.
elect v.
election n.
electric adj. electrical adj.
electricity n. electronic adj.
elegant adj.
element n.
elevator . NAmE)
else adv. elsewhere adv.
email (also e-mail) n., v.
embarrass v. embarrassing adj. embarrassed adj. embarrassment n.
emerge v.
emergency n.
emotion n. emotional adj. emotionally adv.
emphasis n. emphasize (BrE also -ise) v.
empire n.
employ v. unemployed adj.
employee n. employer n. employment n. unemployment n.
empty adj., v.
enable v.
encounter v., n.
encourage v. encouragement n.
end n., v. in the end ending n.
enemy n.
energy n.
engage v. engaged adj.
engine n. engineer n. engineering n.
enjoy v. enjoyable adj. enjoyment n.
enormous adj.
enough det., pron., adv.
enquiry (also inquiry especially in NAmE) n.
ensure v.
enter v.
entertain v. entertaining adj. entertainer n. entertainment n.
enthusiasm n. enthusiastic adj.
entire adj. entirely adv.
entitle v.
entrance n.
entry n.
envelope n.
environment n. environmental adj.
equal adj., n., v.
equally adv.
equipment n.
equivalent adj., n.
error n.
escape v., n.
especially adv.
essay n.
essential adj., n. essentially adv.
establish v.
estate n. estimate n., v.
etc. (full form et cetera)
euro
even adv., adj.
evening n.
event n.
eventually adv.
ever adv.
every det. everyone (also everybody) ron. everything pron. everywhere adv.
evidence n.
evil adj., n.
ex- prefix
exact adj.
exactly adv.
exaggerate v. exaggerated adj.
exam n. examination n. examine v.
example n.
excellent adj.
except prep., conj.
exception n.
exchange v., n. in
exchange (for)
excite v. exciting adj. excited adj. excitement n.
exclude v. excluding prep.
excuse n., v.
executive n., adj.
exercise n., v.
exhibit v., n. exhibition n.
exist v. existence n.
exit n.
expand v.
expect v.
expected adj. unexpected adj. unexpectedly adv.
expectation n.
expense n. expensive adj.
experience n., v. experienced adj.
experiment n., v.
expert n., adj.
explain v. explanation n.
explode v.
explore v.
explosion n.
export ., n.
expose v.
express v., adj. expression n.
extend v.
extension n. extensive adj.
extent n.
extra adj., n., adv.
extraordinary adj.
extreme adj., n. extremely adv.
eye n. face n., v.
facility n.
fact n.
factor n.
factory n.
fail v. failure n.
faint adj. faintly adv.
fair adj.
fairly adv. unfair adj. unfairly adv.
faith . faithful adj. faithfully adv. Yours faithfully (BrE)fall v., n.
fall over false adj.
fame n.
familiar adj.
family ., adj.
famous adj.
fan n.
fancy v., adj.
far adv., adj.
further adj.
farm n. farming n. farmer n.
farther, farthest far
fashion n. fashionable adj.
fast adj., adv.
fasten v.
fat adj., n.
father n.
faucet n. NAmE)
fault n.
favour (BrE) (NAmE favor) n. in favour/favor (of)favourite (BrE) (NAmE favorite) adj., .
fear n., v.
feather n.
feature n., v.
February n. (abbr. Feb.)
federal adj.
fee n.
feed v.
feel v.
feeling n.
fellow n., adj.
female adj., n.
fence n.
festival n.
fetch v.
fever n.
few det., adj., pron. a few
field n.
fight v., n. fighting n.
figure n., v.
file n. fill v.
film n., v.
final adj., n.
finally adv.
finance n., v. financial adj.
find v.
find out sth
fine adj. finely adv.
finger n.
finish v., n. finished adj.
fire n., v. set fire to
firm n., dj., adv. firmly adv.
first det., ordinal number, adv., n. at first
fish n., v. fishing n.
fit v., adj. ix v.
fixed adj.
flag n.
flame n.
flash v., n.
flat adj., n.
flavour (BrE) (NAmE flavor) n., v.
flesh n.
flight n.
float v.
flood ., v.
floor n.
flour n.
flow n., v.
flower n.
flu n.
fly v., n. flying adj., n.
focus v., n.
fold v., n. folding adj.
follow v. following adj., n., prep.
food n. foot n.
football n. for prep.
force n., v.
forecast n., v.
foreign adj.
forest n.
forever (BrE also for ever) adv.
forget v.
forgive v.
fork n.
form n., v.
formal adj. formally adv.
former adj. formerly adv.
formula n.
fortune n.
forward (also forwards) adv. forward adj.
found v. foundation n.
frame n., v.
free adj., v., adv. freely adv.
freedom n.
freeze v. frozen adj.
frequent adj. frequently adv.
fresh adj. freshly adv.
Friday n. (abbr. Fri.)
fridge n. (BrE)
friend n. make friends with)
friendly adj. unfriendly adj. friendship n.
frighten v. frightening adj. frightened adj.
from prep.
front n., adj. in front (of)
frozen freeze fruit n. fry v., n.
fuel n. full adj.
fully adv.
fun n., adj. make fun
function n., v.
fund n., v. fundamental adj.
funeral n.
funny adj.
fur n.
furniture n.
further, furthest n., adj.
g abbr. gram
gain v., n.
gallon n.
gamble v., n. gambling n.
game n.
gap n.
garage n.
garbage n. (especially NAmE)
garden n.
gas n. gasoline n. (NAmE)
gate n.
gather v.
gear .
general adj. generally adv. in general
generate v. generation n.
generous adj. generously adv.
gentle adj. gently adv. gentleman n.
genuine adj. genuinely adv.
geography n.
get v.
get on get off
giant n., adj.
gift n. girl n.
girlfriend n.
give v.
give sth away
give sth out
give (sth) up
glad adj.
glass .glasses n.
global adj.
glove n.
glue n., v.
gm abbr. gram
go v.
go down go up be going to
goal n.
god n.
gold n., adj.
good adj., n. good at good for goodbye exclamation, n.
goods n.
govern v.
government n.
governor n.
grab v.
grade n., v.
gradual adj.
gradually adv.
grain n. gram (BrE also ramme) n. (abbr. g, gm)
grammar n.
grand adj.
grandchild n.
granddaughter n. grandfather n. grandmother n. grandparent n. grandson n.
grant v., n.
grass n.
grateful adj.
grave n., adj.
gray NAmE) grey
great adj. greatly adv.
green adj., n. grey (BrE) (NAmE usually gray) adj., n.
grocery NAmE usually grocery store) n.
groceries n.
ground n.
group n.
grow v. grow up growth n.
guarantee ., v.
guard n., v.
guess v., n.
guest n.
guide n., v.
guilty adj.
gun n.
guy n.
habit n.
hair n. hairdresser n.
half n., det., pron., adv.
hall n.
hammer n.
hand n., v.
handle v., n.
hang v.
happen v.
happiness n. unhappiness n. happy adj. happily adv. unhappy adj.
hard adj., adv.
hardly adv.
harm ., . harmful adj. harmless adj.
hat n.
hate v., n. hatred n.
have v., auxiliary v.
have to modal v.
he pron.
head n., v.
headache n.
heal v.
health n. healthy adj.
hear v. hearing n.
heart n. heat n., v. heating n.
heaven n.
heavy adj. heavily adv.
heel n.
height n.
hell n.
hello exclamation, n.
help v., n. helpful adj.
hence adv. her pron., det.
hers pron.
here adv. hero n. herself pron.
hesitate v.
hi exclamation
hide .
high adj., adv.
highly adv.
highlight v., n.
highway n. (especially NAmE)hill n.
him pron. himself pron.
hip n.
hire v., n.
his det., pron.
historical adj. history n.
hit v., n.
hobby n.
hold v., n.
hole n.
holiday n.
hollow adj.
holy adj.
home n., adv.
homework n.
honest adj. honestly adv.
honour (BrE) (NAmE onor) n. in honour/honor of
hook n. hope v., n.
horizontal adj. horn n.
horror n. horse n.
hospital n.
host n., v.
hot adj.
hotel n.
hour n.
house n.
housing n.
household n., adj.
how adv.
however adv.
huge adj.
human adj., n.
humorous adj. humour (BrE) (NAmE humor) n.
hungry adj.
hunt v. hunting n.
hurry v., n. in a hurry
hurt v.
husband n.
I pron.
ice n. ice cream n.
idea n.
ideal adj., n.
ideally adv.
identify v.
identity n.
i.e. abbr.
if conj.
ignore v.
ill adj. (especially BrE)
illegal adj. illegally adv.
illness .
illustrate v.
image n. imaginary adj. imagination n. imagine v.
immediate adj. immediately adv.
immoral adj.
impact n.
impatient adj. impatiently adv.
implication n.
imply v.
import n., v.
importance n. important adj. importantly adv. unimportant adj.
impose v.
impossible adj.
impress v. impressed adj. impression n. impressive adj.
improve v. improvement n.
in prep., adv.
inability n.
inch n.
incident n.
include v.
including prep.
income n.
increase v., n.
increasingly adv.
indeed adv.
independence n.
independent adj.
independently adv.
index n.
indicate v.
indication n.
indirect adj.
indirectly adv.
individual adj., n.
indoors adv. indoor adj.
industrial adj. industry n.
inevitable adj. inevitably adv.
infect v. infected adj. infection n. infectious adj.
influence n., v.
inform v.
informal adj.
information n.
ingredient n.
initial adj., n.
initially adv.
initiative n.
injure v.
injured adj.
injury n.
ink .
inner adj.
innocent adj.
inquiry enquiry
insect n.
insert v.
inside prep., adv., n., adj.
insist (on) v.
install v.
instance n. for instance
instead adv.
instead of
institute n. institution n.
instruction n.
instrument n.
insult v., n.
insulting adj.
insurance n.
intelligence n. intelligent adj.
intend v. intended adj. intention n.
interest n., v. interesting adj. interested adj.
interior n., adj.
internal adj.
international adj.
Internet n.
interpret v. interpretation n.
interrupt v. interruption n.
interval n.
interview n., v.
into prep.
introduce v.
introduction n.
invent v. invention n.
invest v.
investigate v. investigation n.
investment n.
invitation n.
invite v.
involve v. involved in involvement n.
iron n., v.
irritate v. irritating adj. irritated adj. -ish uffix
island n.
issue n., v.
it pron., det.
its det.
item n.
itself pron.
jacket n.
jam n.
January n. (abbr. Jan.)
jealous adj.
jeans .
jelly n.
jewellery (BrE) (NAmE jewelry) n.
job n.
join v.
joint adj., n.
jointly adv.
joke n., v.
journalist n.
journey n.
joy n.
judge n., v. judgement (also judgment especially in NAmE) n.
juice n.
July n. (abbr. Jul.)
jump v., n.
June n. (abbr. Jun.)
junior adj., n.
just adv.
justice n.
justify v. justified adj.
k abbr. kilometer
keen adj. keen on
keep v.
key n., adj.
keyboard n.
kick v., n.
kid n. kill v.
killing n.
kilogram (BrE also kilogramme) also kilo) n. (abbr. kg)kilometre (BrE) (NAmE kilometer) n. (abbr. k, km)
kind n., adj.
kindly adv. unkind adj. kindness n.
king n.
kiss v., n.
kitchen n.
km abbr. kilometer
knee n.
knife n.
knit v. knitted adj. knitting n.
knock v., n.
knot n.
know v. unknown adj. well known adj.
knowledge n.
l abbr. litre
label n., v.
laboratory,
lab n. labour (BrE) (NAmE labor) n.
lack n., v. lacking adj. lady n. lake n. lamp n. land n., v. landscape n. lane n. language n. large adj. largely adv. last det., adv., n., v. late adj., adv. later adv., adj. latest adj., n. latter adj., n. laugh v., n. launch v., n. law n. lawyer . lay v. layer n. lazy adj. lead /li:d/ v., n. leading adj. leader n. leaf n. league n. lean v. learn v. least det., pron., adv. at least leather n. leave v. leave out lecture n. left adj., adv., n. leg n. legal adj.legally adv. lemon n. lend v. length n. less det., pron., adv. lesson n. let v. letter n. level n., adj. library n. licence (BrE) (NAmE license) n. license v. lid n. lie v., n. life n. lift v., n. light n., adj., v. lightly adv. like prep., v., conj. unlike prep., adj. likely adj., adv. unlikely adj. limit n., v. limited adj. line n. link n., v. lip n. liquid n., adj. list n., v. listen (to) v. literature n. litre (BrE) (NAmE liter) n. (abbr. l)little dj., et., pron., adv. a little det., pron. live /laɪv/ adj., adv. live /lɪv/ v. living adj. lively adj. load n., v. unload v. loan n. local adj. locally adv. locate v. located adj. location n. lock v., n. logic n. logical adj. lonely adj. long adj., adv. look v., n. look after (especially BrE)look at look for look forward to loose adj. loosely adv. lord n. lorry n. (BrE)lose v.lost adj. loss n. lot: a lot (of) (also lots (of)) pron., det., adv. loud adj., adv. loudly adv. love n., v. lovely dj. lover n. low adj., adv. loyal adj. luck n. lucky adj. unlucky adj. luggage n. (especially BrE)lump n. lunch n. lung n. machine n. machinery n. mad adj. magazine n. magic n., adj. mail n., v. main adj. mainly adv. maintain v. major adj. majority n. make v., n.make sth upmake-up n. male adj., n. mall . (especially NAmE)man n. manage v. management n. manager n. manner n. manufacture v., n. manufacturing n. manufacturer n. many det., ron. map n. March n. (abbr. Mar.)march v., n. mark n., v. market n. marketing n. marriage n. marry v. married adj. mass n., adj. massive adj. master n. match n., v. matching adj. mate n., v. material n., adj. mathematics (also maths BrE, math NAmE) n. matter n., v. maximum adj., n. may odal v. May n. maybe adv. mayor n. me pron. meal n. mean v. meaning n. means n. by means of meanwhile adv. measure v., n. measurement n. meat n. media n. medical adj. medicine n. medium adj., n. meet v. meeting n. melt v. member n. membership n. memory n. in memory of mental dj. mentally adv. mention v. menu n. mere adj. merely adv. mess n. message n. metal n. method n. metre (BrE) (NAmE meter) n. mg abbr. illigrammid- combining form midday n. middle n., adj. midnight n. might modal v. mild adj. mile n. military adj. milk n. milligram (BrE also milligramme) n. (abbr. mg)millimetre (NAmE millimeter) n. (abbr. mm)mind n., v. mine pron., n. mineral n., adj. minimum adj., n. minister n. ministry . minor adj. minority n. minute n. mirror n. miss v., n.Miss n.missing adj. mistake n., v. mistaken adj. mix v., n. mixed adj. mixture n. mm abbr. millimetre mobile adj. mobile phone (also mobile) n. (BrE)model n. modern adj. mom (NAmE) mum moment n. Monday n. (abbr. Mon.)money n. monitor n., v. month n. mood n. moon n. moral adj. morally adv. more det., pron., adv. moreover adv. morning n. most det., pron., adv. mostly adv. mother n. motion n. motor n. motorcycle (BrE also motorbike) n. ount v., n. mountain n. mouse n. mouth n. move v., n.moving adj. movement n. movie n. (especially NAmE)movie theater n. (NAmE)Mr (BrE) (also Mr. NAmE, BrE) abbr. Mrs (BrE) (also Mrs. NAmE, BrE) abbr. Ms (BrE) (also Ms. AmE, BrE) abbr. much det., pron., adv. mud n. multiply v. mum (BrE) (NAmE mom) n. murder n., v. muscle n. museum n. music n. musical adj. musician n. must modal v. my det. myself pron. mysterious adj. mystery n. nail n. naked adj. name n., v. narrow adj. nation n. national adj. natural adj. naturally adv. nature n. navy n. near adj., adv., prep. nearby adj., adv. nearly adv. neat adj. neatly adv. necessary adj. necessarily adv. unnecessary adj. neck n. need v., modal v., n. needle n. negative adj. neighbour (BrE) (NAmE neighbor) n. neighbourhood (BrE) (NAmE neighborhood) n. neither det., pron., adv. nephew n. nerve n. nervous adj.nervously adv. nest n., v. net n. network n. never adv. nevertheless adv. new adj. newly adv. news n. newspaper n. next adj., adv., n.next to prep. nice adj. nicely adv. niece n. night n. no exclamation, det. No. (also no.) bbr. number nobody (also no one) pron. noise n. noisy adj. noisily adv. non- prefix none pron. nonsense n. no one nobody nor conj., adv. normal adj., n. normally adv. north n., adj., adv. northern adj. nose n. not adv. note n., v. nothing pron. notice n., v. take notice of noticeable adj. novel n. November n. (abbr. Nov.)now adv. nowhere adv. nuclear adj. number (abbr. No., no.) n. nurse n. nut n. obey v. object n., v. objective n., adj. observation n. observe v. obtain v. obvious adj. obviously adv. occasion n. occasionally adv. occupy v. occupied adj. occur v. ocean n. o’clock adv. October n. (abbr. Oct.) odd adj. oddly adv.  of prep. off adv., prep. offence (BrE) (NAmE offense) n. offend v. offensive adj. offer v., n. office n. officer n. official adj., n. officially adv. often adv. oh exclamation oil n. OK (also okay) exclamation, adj., adv. old adj. old-fashioned adj. on prep., adv. once adv., conj. one number, det., pron. one another each other onion n. only adj., adv. onto prep. open adj., v. openly adv. opening n. operate v. operation n. opinion n. opponent n. opportunity n. oppose v.opposing adj. opposed to opposite adj., adv., n., prep. opposition n. option . or conj. orange n., adj. order n., v. in order to ordinary adj. organ n. organization (BrE also -isation) n. organize (BrE also -ise) v. organized adj. origin n. original adj., n. originally adv. other adj., pron. otherwise adv. ought to modal v. our det.ours pron. ourselves pron. out (of) adv., prep. outdoors adv.outdoor adj. outer adj. outline v., n. output n. outside n., adj., prep., adv. outstanding adj. oven n. over adv., prep. overall adj., adv. overcome v. owe v. own adj., pron., v. owner n. p abbr. page, penny pace n. pack v., n. package n., v.packaging n. packet n. page n. (abbr. p)pain n. painful adj. paint n., v. painting n. painter n. pair n. palace n. pale adj. pan n. panel n. pants n. aper n. parallel adj. parent n. park n., v. parliament n. part n. take part (in)particular adj. particularly adv. partly adv. partner n. partnership n. party n. pass v.passing n., adj. passage n. passenger n. passport n. past adj., n., prep., adv. path n. patience n. patient n., adj. pattern n. pause v., n. pay v., n. payment n. peace n. peaceful adj. peak n. pen n. pence n. penny pencil n. penny n. (abbr. p)pension n. people n. pepper n. per prep. per cent (NAmE usually percent) n., adj., adv. perfect adj. perfectly adv. perform v. performance n. performer n. perhaps adv. period n. permanent adj. permanently adv. permission n. permit v. person n. personal adj. personally adv. personality n. persuade v. pet n. petrol n. (BrE)phase n. philosophy n. phone telephone photocopy n., v. photograph n., v. (also photo n.)photographer n. photography n. phrase n. physical adj.physically adv. physics n. piano n. pick v.pick sth up picture n. piece n. pig n. pile n., v. pill n. pilot n. pin n., v. pink adj., n. pint n. (abbr. pt)pipe n. pitch n. pity n. place n., v. take place plain adj. plan n., v. planning n. plane n. planet n. plant n., v. plastic n., adj. plate n. platform n. play v., n. player n. pleasant adj.pleasantly adv.unpleasant adj. please exclamation, v. pleasing adj.pleased adj. pleasure n. plenty pron., adv., n., det. plot n., v. plug n. plus rep., n., adj., conj. p.m. (NAmE also P.M.) abbr. pocket n. poem n. poetry n. point n., v.pointed adj. poison n., v. poisonous adj. pole n. police n. policy n. polish n., v. polite adj.politely adv. political adj.politically adv. politician n. politics n. pollution n. pool n. poor adj. pop n., v. popular adj. population n. port n. pose v., n. position n. positive adj. possess v. possession n. possibility n. possible adj.possibly adv. post n., v. post office n. pot n. potato n. potential adj., n.potentially adv. pound n. pour v. powder n. power n. powerful adj. practical adj.practically adv. practice n. (BrE, AmE), v. (NAmE)ractise v. (BrE)praise n., v. prayer n. precise adj.precisely adv. predict v. prefer v. preference n. pregnant adj. premises n. preparation n. prepare v.prepared adj. presence n. present adj., n., v. presentation n. preserve v. president n. press n., v. pressure n. presumably adv. pretend v. pretty adv., adj. prevent v. previous adj.previously adv. price n. pride n. priest n. primary adj.primarily adv. prime minister n. prince n. princess n. principle n. print v., n.printing n. printer n. prior adj. priority n. prison n. prisoner n. private adj.privately adv. prize n. probable adj.probably adv. problem n. procedure n. proceed . process n., v. produce v. producer n. product n. production n. profession n. professional adj., n. professor n. profit n. program n., v. programme n. (BrE)progress n., v. project n., v. promise v., n. promote v. promotion n. prompt adj., v.promptly adv. ronounce v. pronunciation n. proof n. proper adj.properly adv. property n. proportion n. proposal n. propose v. prospect n. protect v. protection n. protest n., v. proud adj.proudly adv. prove v. provide v.provided (also providing) conj. pt abbr. pintpub n. public adj., n.in publicpublicly adv. publication n. publicity n. publish v.publishing n. pull v., n. punch v., n. punish v. unishment n. pupil n. (especially BrE)purchase n., v. pure adj.purely adv. purple dj., n. purpose n.on purposepursue v. push v., n. put v.put sth onput sth out qualification n. qualify v.qualified adj. quality n. quantity n. quarter n. ueen n. question n., v. quick adj.quickly adv. quiet adj.quietly adv. quit v. quite adv. quote v. race n., v.racing n. radio n. rail n. railway (BrE) NAmE ailroad) n. rain n., v. raise v. range n. rank n., v. rapid adj.rapidly adv. rare adj.rarely adv. rate n., v. rather adv. at her thanraw adj. re- prefix reach . react v. reaction n. read v.reading n. reader n. ready adj. real adj.really adv. realistic adj. reality n. realize (BrE also -ise) v. really realrear n., dj. reason n. reasonable adj.reasonably adv.un reasonable adj. recall v. receipt n. receive v. recent adj.recently adv. reception n. reckon v. recognition n. recognize (BrE also -ise) v. recommend v. record n., v.recording n. recover v. red adj., n. reduce v. reduction n. refer to v. reference n. reflect v. reform v., n. refrigerator n. refusal n. refuse v. regard v., n.regarding prep. region n. regional adj. register v., n. regret v., n. regular adj.regularly adv. regulation n. reject v. relate v.related (to) adj. relation n. relationship n. relative adj., n.relatively adv. relax v. relaxed dj.relaxing adj. release v., n. relevant adj. relief n. religion n. religious adj. rely on v. remain v.remaining adj.remains n. remark n., v. remarkable dj.remarkably adv. remember v. remind v. remote adj. removal n. remove v. rent n., v.rented adj. repair v., n. repeat v. repeated adj.repeatedly dv. replace v. reply n., v. report v., n. represent v. representative n., adj. reproduce v. reputation n. request n., v. require v. requirement n. rescue v., n. research n. reservation n. reserve v., n. resident n., adj. resist v. resistance n. resolve v. resort n. resource n. respect n., v. respond . response n. responsibility n. responsible adj. rest n., v.the restrestaurant n. restore v. restrict v.restricted adj. restriction n. result n., v. retain v. retire v.retired adj. retirement n. return v., n. reveal v. reverse v., n. review n., v. revise v. revision n. revolution n. reward n., v. rhythm n. rice n. rich adj. rid v.: get rid ofride v., n.riding n. rider n. ridiculous adj. right adj., adv., n.rightly adv. ring n., v. rise n., v. risk n., v. rival n., adj. river n. road n. rob v. rock n. role n. roll n., v. romantic adj. roof n. room n. root n. rope n. rough adj.roughly adv. round adj., adv., prep., n.rounded adj. route n. routine n., adj. row /rəʊ, NAmE roʊ/ n. royal adj. rub v. rubber n. rubbish n. (especially BrE)rude adj.rudely adv. ruin v., n.ruined adj. rule n., . ruler n. rumour n. run v., n.running n. runner n. rural adj. rush v., n. sack n., v. sad adj.sadly adv. sadness n. safe adj.safely adv. safety n. sail v., .sailing n. sailor n. salad n. salary n. sale n. salt n. salty adj. same adj., pron. sample n. sand n. satisfaction n. satisfy v. satisfied adj.satisfying dj. Saturday n. (abbr. Sat.)sauce n. save v.saving n. say v. scale n. scare v., n.scared adj. scene n. schedule n., v. scheme n. school n. science . scientific adj. scientist n. scissors n. score n., v. scratch v., n. scream v., n. screen n. screw n., v. sea n. seal n., v. search n., v. season n. seat . second det., ordinal number, adv., n. secondary adj. secret adj., n.secretly adv. secretary n. section n. sector n. secure adj., v. security n. see v. seed n. seek v. seem linking v. select v. selection n. self n.self- combining form sell v. senate n. senator n. send v. senior adj., n. sense n. sensible adj. sensitive adj. sentence n. separate adj., v.separated adj.separately adv. separation n. September n. (abbr. Sept.)series n. serious adj.seriously adv. servant n. serve v. service n. session n. set n., v. settle v. several det., pron. severe adj.severely adv. sew v.sewing n. sex n. sexual adj.sexually adv. shade n. shadow n. shake v., n. shall modal v. shallow adj. shame n. shape n., v.shaped adj. share v., n. sharp adj.sharply adv. shave v. she pron. sheep n. sheet n. shelf n. shell n. shelter n., v. shift v., n. shine v. shiny adj. ship n. shirt n. shock n., v. shocking adj.shocked adj. shoe n. shoot v.shooting n. shop n., v.shopping n. short adj. shortly adv. shot n. should modal v. shoulder n. shout v.,  sow v., n. shower n. shut v., adj. shy adj. sick adj. be sick (BrE)feel sick (especially BrE)side n. sideways adj., adv. sight n. sign n., v. signal n., v. signature n. significant adj. significantly adv. silence n. silent adj. silk n. silly adj. silver n., adj. similar adj. similarly adv. simple adj. simply adv. since rep., conj., adv. sincere adj. sincerely adv.Yours sincerely (BrE)sing v. singing n. singer n. single adj. sink v. sir n. sister n. sit v.sit down site n. situation n. size n.-sized skilful (BrE) (NAmE skillful) adj. skilfully (BrE) (NAmE skillfully) adv. skill n. skilled adj. skin n. skirt n. sky n. sleep v., n. sleeve . slice n., v. slide v. slight adj.slightly adv. slip v. slope n., v. slow adj. lowly adv. small adj. smart adj. smash v., n. smell v., n. smile v., n. smoke n., .smoking n. smooth adj. smoothly adv. snake n. snow n., v. so adv., conj. so that soap n. social adj. socially adv. society n. sock n. soft adj. softly adv. software n. soil n. soldier n. solid adj., n. solution n. solve v. some det., pron. somebody (also someone) pron. somehow adv. something ron. sometimes adv. somewhat adv. somewhere adv. son n. song n. soon adv. as soon as sore adj. sorry adj. sort n., v. soul n. sound n., v. soup n. sour adj. source n. south n., adj., adv. southern adj. space n. spare adj., n. speak v. spoken adj. speaker n. special adj. specially adv. specialist n. specific adj. specifically adv. speech n. speed n. spell v., n. spelling n. spend v. spice n. spicy adj. spider n. spin v. spirit n. spiritual adj. spite n.: in spite of split v., n. spoil v. spoken speak spoon n. sport n. spot n. spray n., v. spread v. spring n. square adj., n. squeeze v., n. stable adj., n. staff n. stage n. stair n. stamp n., v. stand v., n. stand up standard n., adj. star n., v. stare v., n. start v., n. state n., adj., v. statement n. station n. statue n. status n. stay v., n. steady adj. steadily adv. unsteady adj. steal v. steam n. steel n. steep adj. steeply adv. steer v. step n., v. stick v., n. stick out sticky adj. stiff adj. stiffly adv. still adv., adj. sting v., n. stir v. stock n. stomach n. stone n. stop v., n. store n., v. storm n. story n. stove n. raight adv., adj. strain n. strange adj. strangely adv. stranger n. strategy n. stream n. street n. strength n. stress n., v.stressed adj. stretch v. strict j. strictly adv. strike v., n. striking adj. tring n. strip v., n. stripe n. striped adj. stroke n., v. strong adj. strongly adv. structure n. struggle v., n. student . studio n. study n., v. stuff n. stupid adj. style n. subject n. substance n. substantial adj. substantially adv. substitute n., v. succeed v. success n. successful adj. successfully adv. unsuccessful adj. such det., pron. such as suck v. sudden adj. suddenly adv. suffer v. suffering n. sufficient adj. sufficiently adv. sugar n. suggest v. suggestion n. suit n., v. suited adj. suitable adj. suitcase n. sum n. summary n. summer n. sun n. Sunday  abbr. Sun.)superior adj. supermarket n. supply n., v. support n., v. supporter n. suppose v. sure adj., adv. make sure surely adv. surface n. surname n. (especially BrE)surprise n., v. surprising adj. surprisingly adv. surprised adj. surround v. surrounding adj. surroundings n. survey n., v. survive v. suspect v., n. suspicion n. suspicious adj. swallow v. swear v. swearing n. sweat n., v. sweater n. sweep v. sweet adj., n. swell v. swelling n. swollen adj. swim v. swimming n. swimming pool n. swing n., v. switch n., v. switch sth off switch sth on swollen swell v. symbol n. sympathetic adj. sympathy n. system n. table n. tablet n. tackle v., n. tail n. take v. take sth off take (sth) over talk v., n. tall adj. tank n. tap v., n.. tape n. target n. task n. taste n., v. tax n., v. taxi n. tea n. teach v. teaching n. teacher n. team n. tear /teə(r), NAmE ter/ v., n. tear /tɪə(r), NAmE ɪr/  hnical adj. technique n. technology n. telephone (also phone) n., v. television (also TV) n. tell v. temperature n. temporary adj. temporarily dv. nd . tendency n. tension n. tent n. term n. terrible adj. terribly adv. test n., v. text n. than prep., conj. thank v. thanks exclamation, n. thank you exclamation, n. that det., pron., conj. the definite article theatre (BrE) (NAmE theater) n. their det. theirs pron. them pron. theme n. themselves pron. en adv. theory n. there adv. therefore adv. they pron. thick adj. thickly adv. thickness n. thief n. thin adj. thing n. think v. thinking n. thirsty adj. this t., pron. thorough adj. thoroughly adv. though conj., adv. thought n. thread n. threat n. threaten v. threatening adj. throat n. through prep., adv. throughout prep., adv. throw v. throw sth away thumb n. Thursday n. (abbr. Thur., Thurs.)thus adv. ticket n. tidy adj., v. untidy adj. ie v., n.tie sth uptight adj., adv.tightly adv. till until time n. timetable n. (especially BrE)tin n. tiny adj. tip n., v. tire v. (BrE, NAmE), n. (NAmE) (BrE tyre) tiring adj.tired adj. title n. to prep., infinitive marker today adv., n. toe n. together adv. toilet n. tomato n. tomorrow adv., n. ton n. tone n. tongue n. tonight adv., n. tone n. too adv. tool n. tooth n. top n., adj. topic n. total adj., n. totally adv. touch v., n. tough adj. tour n., v. tourist n. towards (also oward especially in NAmE) prep. towel n. tower n. town n. toy n., adj. trace v., n. track n. trade n., v. trading n. tradition n. traditional adj.traditionally adv. traffic n. train n., v. raining n. transfer v., n. transform v. translate v. translation n. transparent adj. transport n. (BrE) (NAmE transportation)transport v. (BrE, NAmE)trap n., v. travel v., n. traveller (BrE) (NAmE traveler) n. treat v. treatment n. tree n. trend n. trial n. triangle . trick n., v. trip n., v. tropical adj. trouble n. trousers n. (especially BrE)truck n. (especially NAmE)true adj.truly adv. Yours Truly (NAmE)trust n., v. truth n. try v. tube n. Tuesday n. (abbr. Tue., Tues.)tune n., v. tunnel n. turn v., n. TV television twice adv. twin n., adj. twist v., n. twisted adj. type n., v. typical adj. typically adv. tyre n. (BrE) (NAmE tire)ugly adj. ultimate adj. ultimately adv. umbrella n. unable able unacceptable acceptable uncertain certain uncle n. uncomfortable comfortable unconscious conscious uncontrolled control under prep., adv. underground adj., adv. underneath prep., adv. understand v. understanding n. underwater adj., adv. underwear n. undo do unemployed employ unemployment employment unexpected, unexpectedly expect unfair, unfairly fair unfortunate adj. unfortunately adv. unfriendly friendly unhappiness happiness unhappy happy uniform n., adj. unimportant important union n. unique adj. unit n. unite v. united adj. universe n. university n. unkind kind unknown know unless conj. unlike like unlikely likely unload load unlucky lucky unnecessary necessary unpleasant pleasant unreasonable reasonable unsteady steady unsuccessful successful untidy tidy until (also till) conj., prep. unusual, unusually usual unwilling, unwillingly willing up adv., prep. upon prep. upper adj. upset v., adj. upsetting adj. upside down adv. upstairs adv., adj., n. upwards (also upward especially in NAmE) adv. upward adj. urban adj. urge v., n. urgent .  pron. use v., n. used adj. used to sth/to doing sth used to modal v. useful adj. useless adj. user n. usual adj. usually adv. unusual adj. unusually adv. vacation n. valid adj. valley n. valuable adj. value n., v. van n. variation n. variety n. various adj. vary v. varied adj. vast adj. vegetable n. vehicle n. venture n., v. version n. vertical adj. very adv. via prep. victim n. victory n. video n. view n., v. village n. violence n. violent adj. violently adv. virtually adv. virus n. visible adj. vision n. visit v., n. visitor n. vital adj. vocabulary n. voice n. volume n. vote n., v. wage n. waist n. wait v. waiter, tress n. wake (up) v. walk v., n. walking n. wall n. wallet n. wander v., n. want v. war n. warm adj., v. warmth n. warn v. warning n. wash v. washing . waste v., n., adj. watch v., n. water n. wave n., v. way n. we pron. weak adj. weakness n. wealth n. weapon n. wear v. weather n. web n. the ebb . ebb site n. wedding n. Wednesday n. (abbr. Wed., Weds.)week n. weekend n. weekly adj. weigh v. weight n. welcome v., adj., n., exclamation well   exclamation as well (as)well known know west n., adj., adv. western adj. wet adj. what pron., det. whatever det., pron. wheel n. when adv., pron., conj. whenever conj. where adv., conj. whereas conj. wherever conj. whether conj. which pron., det. while conj., n. whilst conj. (especially BrE)whisper v., n. whistle n., v. white adj., n. who pron. whoever pron. whole adj., n. whom pron. whose det., pron. why adv. wide adj. widely adv. width n. wife n. wild adj. wildly adv. will modal v., n. willing adj. willingly adv. unwilling adj. unwillingly adv. willingness n. win v. winning adj. wind waɪnd/ v. wind sth upwind /wɪnd/ n. window n. wine n. wing n. winner n. winter n. wire n. wise adj. wish v., n. with prep. withdraw v. within prep. without prep. witness n., v. woman n. wonder v. wonderful adj. wood n. wooden adj. wool n. word n. work v., n. working adj. worker n. world n. worry v., n. worrying adj. worried adj. worse, worst bad worship n., v. worth adj. would modal v. wound n., v. wounded adj. wrap v. wrapping n. wrist n. write v. writing n. written adj. writer n. wrong adj., adv. go wrong wrongly adv. yard n. yawn v., n. yeah exclamation year n. yellow adj., n. exclamation, n. yesterday adv., n. yet adv., conj. you pron. young adj. your det. yours pron. yourself pron. youth n. zero number zone
Language study terms
Knowing these 80 words will be useful in your study of English and will also help you to use the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary more effectively. It includes words to do with grammar, pronunciation and punctuation. abbreviation n. active adj., n. adjective n. adverb n. apostrophe n. article n. auxiliary (also auxiliary verb) n. bracket n. clause n. colon n. comma n. comparative adj., n. compound n., adj. conditional adj., n. conjunction n. consonant n. contraction n. countable adj. continuous progressive derivative n. determiner n. dialect n. entry n. exclamation n. exclamation mark (especially BrE) (NAmE usually exclamation point) n. figurative adj. full stop (BrE) n. gerund n. hyphen n. idiom n. imperative adj., n. indirect speech reported speech infinitive n. inverted commas quotation marks ironic adj. irregular adj. literal adj. literary adj. modal n. noun n. object n. ordinal n. paragraph n. parenthesis n. part of speech (also word class) n. participle n. particle n. passive adj., n. perfect adj. period NAmE) n. phrasal verb n. plural n., adj. possessive adj., n. prefix n. preposition n. progressive (also continuous) adj. pronoun n. punctuation n. question mark n. question tag (also tag question) n. quotation marks (BrE also inverted commas) n. reflexive adj. register n. regular adj. relative dj. reported speech (also indirect speech) n. saying n. semicolon n. simple adj. singular n., adj. slang n. slash n. subject n. suffix n. superlative dj., n. syllable n. taboo adj. tag question question tag tense n. uncountable adj. verb n. vowel n. word class
part of speech Arts Words These are the 250 most common words (apart from the Oxford 3000) in writing that deals with arts subjects (literature, painting, music, etc.). Knowing them will help you to understand texts about these subjects more easily. abstract adj. academy n. aesthetic (NAmE also esthetic) adj., n. aesthetics (NAmE also esthetics) n. album n. alien adj., n. amateur n., adj. angel n. arch n., v. architect n. architectural adj. architecture n. assumption n. attribute v., n. auction n., v. awareness n. ballet n. bass n., adj. biography n. bookshop n. bourgeois adj. bronze n. canvas n. catalogue (NAmE also catalog) n. cathedral n. chapel n. charm n., v. charming adj. childhood n. chord n. choreographer n. chorus n. classical adj. coincide v. collector n. comic adj. companion n. complexity n. compose v. composer n. composition n. comprise v. conceive v. conception n. concerto n. conductor n. consciousness n. conservation n. constitute v. convey v. costume n. creation n. creative adj. creativity n. critic n. curator n. dealer n. debut (also début) n. dedicate v. dedicated adj. depict v. designer n. dialogue (NAmE also ialog) n. differ v. dimension n. discourse n. distant adj. distinct adj. distinction n. distinctive adj. dome n. dominant adj. dynamic adj. echo n., v. edit v. elaborate adj. embrace v., n. enhance v. episode n. era n. establishment n. everyday adj. evident adj. exploit v., n. external adj. fabric n. fantasy n. fascinate v. fascinating adj. fascinated adj. fate n. feminist n., adj. fiction n. fictional adj. flute n. folk n., adj. fool n., v. format n. fragment . gallery n. gay adj., n. gender n. genius n. genre n. gesture n., v. gig /ɡɪɡ/ n. glory n. golden adj. graduate n., v. graphic adj. graphics n. guitar n. guitarist n. harmony n. haunt v. haunting adj. haunted adj. heritage n. hint n., v. historian n. historic adj. ideological adj. illustration n. imagery n. imaginative adj. incorporate v. insight n. inspiration n. inspire v. installation n. instrumental adj. intellectual adj., n. intense adj. irony n. jazz n. journal n. lad n. leap v., n. legend n. linguistic adj. linguistics n. listener n. literally adv. literary adj. lyric adj., n. magnificent adj. mainstream n., adj. maker n. manuscript n. marble n. marvellous (BrE) (NAmE marvelous) adj. mask n., v. masterpiece n. medieval (also mediaeval) adj. melody n. metaphor n. mode n. modest adj. myth n. narrative n., adj. narrator n. native adj., n. neglect v., n. nightmare n. notably adv. notion n. novelist n. numerous adj. obscure adj., v. occasional adj. opera n. orchestra n. orchestral adj. passion n. pastel n. perceive v. perception n. perspective n. phenomenon n. poet n. poetic adj. portrait n. portray v. poster n. precede v. primitive adj. principal adj. privilege n. profile n. prose n. psychological adj. publisher n. quartet n. quotation n. radical adj. realism n. reflection n. rehearsal n. renaissance n. render v. repetition n. representation n. resemble v. restoration n. revival n. revolutionary adj. rhythmic adj. ritual n., adj. romance n. saint n. savage adj., n. scholar n. script n. sculptor n. sculpture n. sequence n. sexuality n. sheer adj. significance n. sketch n., v. so-called adj. solo adj., n. sonnet n. sophisticated adj. sponsor n., v. stun v. stunning n. stylistic adj. subsequent adj. subtle adj. suite n. superb adj. sustain v. symphony n. tale n. talent n. talented adj. temple n. texture n. theoretical adj. thrill n., v. thrilling adj. thrilled adj. tragedy n. treasure n., v. tribute n. trio n. triumph n., v. underlie v. underlying adj. undertake v. undertaking n. undoubtedly adv. usage n. utterance n. venue n. verse n. viewer n. violin n. virtue n. visual adj. vocal adj. water colour (BrE) (NAmE watercolor) n. wit n. workshop n.
Science words These are the 250 most common words (apart from the Oxford 3000) in writing that deals with science subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.). Knowing them will help you to understand texts about these subjects more easily. activate v. acute adj. adjacent adj. agricultural adj. agriculture n. antibody n. array n. assess v. assessment n. assumption n. atomic adj. attribute v., n. axis n.
beam n. binary adj. bind v. biological adj. bond n., v. boundary n. calcium n. capability n. carbon n. chromosome n. chronic adj. circuit n. classification n. classify v. clinic n. clinical adj. clone n., v. cloning n. cluster n., v. component n., adj. composition n. compound n., adj. comprise . compute v. computing n. consequently adv. conservation n. consistent adj. constraint n. continental adj. coordinate (BrE also co-ordinate) v., n. copper n. correlation n. correspond v. corresponding adj. crystal n. database n. density n. dependent adj. detect v. diagnosis n. diameter n. differ v. digital adj. dimension n. discharge v., n. disorder n. distinct adj. DNA n. domain n. dose n. efficiency n. electron n. eliminate v. embryo n. emission n. enhance n. enhanced adj. enzyme n. equation n. equilibrium n. et al. abbr. evaluate v. evaluation n. evolution n. evolutionary adj. evolve v. exceed v. excess n., adj. expansion n. experimental adj. exploit v. exploration n. exposure n. external adj. extract n., v. fibre (BrE) (NAmE iber) n. filter n., v. finding n. fluid n., adj. formation n. fossil n. fraction n. fragment n. framework n. frequency n. functional adj. furthermore adv. fusion n. galaxy n. gene n. genetic adj. genetically adv. genetics n. geological adj. geology n. graph n. gravitational adj. gravity n. habitat n. hydrogen n. hypothesis n. identical adj. identification n. incidence n. incorporate v. induce v. infant n., adj. input n. integrate v. integrated adj. intense adj. intensity n. interaction n. intermediate adj. intervention n. ion n. isolate v. isolated adj. journal n. laser n. linear adj. liver n. long-term dj. magnetic adj. magnitude n. maintenance n. mammal n. marine adj. matrix n. mechanical adj. mechanism n. membrane n. mode n. modification n. modify v. molecular adj. molecule n. mortality n. multiple adj., n. mutant adj., n. mutation n. neutron n. node n. nucleus n. numerous adj. observer n. optical adj. oral adj. orbit n., v. organic adj. organism n. outcome n. oxygen n. ozone n. parameter n. particle n. PC n. percentage n. pH n. phenomenon n. plasma n. predator n. prediction n. prescribe v. prey n., v. principal adj. probability n. probe v., n. profile n. protein n. protocol n. proton n. pulse n. pump n., v. radiation n. random adj., n. at random rat n. ratio n. ray n. reactor n. readily adv. receptor n. replacement n. researcher n. residue n. resolution n. respective adj. respectively n. rotation n. satellite n. scan v., n. scatter v. scattered adj. sediment n. segment n., v. sensitivity n. sequence n., v. sequencing n. serum n. shield n., v. significance n. sodium n. solar adj. solvent n. species n. specification n. specify v. specimen n. spectrum n. spine n. stain v., n. statistic n. statistics n. statistical adj. stem n., v. stimulate v. stimulus n. structural adj. subsequent adj. subsequently adv. surgery n. survival n. symmetry n. symptom n. synthesis n. terminal n., adj. theoretical adj. therapy n. tissue n. toxic adj. transformation n. transition n. transmission n. transmit v. tumour (BrE) (NAmE tumor) n. undergo v. underlie v. underlying adj. undertake v. undertaking n. variable adj., n. vector n. vegetation n. velocity n. visual adj., n. volcano n. voltage n. widespread adj. wildlife n. worldwide adj., adv. yield v., n.
Business and finance words
These are the 250 most common words (apart from the Oxford 3000) in writing that deals with business and finance. Knowing them will help you to understand texts about these subjects more easily. accordance n.: in accordance with accountancy n. accountant n. acquisition n. adjustment n. administration n. administrative adj. adviser (also advisor) n. agenda n. airline n. allocate v. allocation n. allowance n. analyst n. announcement . assess v. assessment n. asset n. assumption n. audit n., v. auditor n. authorize (BrE also -ise) v. banker n. biotechnology (also biotech) n. bond . bonus n. boom n., v. boost v., n. borrower n. breach n., v. broadband n. broker n. burden n., v. carrier n. cater v. cater for catering n. chartered adj. BrE)clause n. Co. abbr. commodity n. compensation n. competitor n. completion n. comply v. component n., adj. comprise v. confidential adj. consistent adj. consistently adv. constraint n. consultant n. consumption n. contractor n. cooperation (BrE also co-operation) n. cooperative (BrE lso co-operative) adj., n. corporate adj. corporation n. (abbr. Corp.) correspond v. corresponding adj. creation n. creditor n. currency n. database . dealer n. debtor n. decision-making n. deficit n. delegate n., v. dependent adj. depreciation n. differ v. directive n. disclose v. disclosure n. dismissal n. disposal n. at your/sb’s disposal dispute n., v. dividend n. dominant adj. dot-com (also dotcom) n. e- combining form earnings n. economics n. economist n. effectiveness n. efficiency n. electronics n. enhance v. enhanced adj. enterprise n. equity n. evaluate v. exceed v. excess n., adj. in excess of exclusive adj. exclusively adv. exemption n. expansion n. expenditure n. expertise n. external adj. fiscal adj. flexibility n. flexible adj. framework n. franchise n., v. franchising n. fraud n. GDP n. globalization (BrE also -isation) n. gross adj., adv., v., n. guidance n. guidelines n. high-tech (also hi-tech) adj. holder n. holding n. implement v. implementation n. incentive n. incorporate v. incorporated adj. (abbr. nc.)incur v. inflation n. innovation n. input n., v. institutional adj. integrate v. integrated adj. interim adj. investor n. invoice n., v. landlord n. laptop n. leadership n. lease n., v. leasing n. legislation n. leisure n. lender n. liability n. liable adj. limitation n. liquidity n. long-term adj. Ltd abbr. maintenance n. maker n. managerial adj. manual adj. margin n. maturity n. mechanism n. memo (also memorandum) n. merge v. merger n. monetary adj. monopoly n. monthly adj., adv. mortgage n., v. motivation n. multinational adj., n. negotiate v. negotiation n. net (BrE also nett) adj. obligation n. online adj., adv. operational adj. operator n. organizational (BrE also -isational) adj. outcome n. overseas adj., adv. ownership n. participant n. participate v. payable adj. perceive v. percentage n. personal computer n. (abbr. PC)personnel n. plc (also PLC) abbr. portfolio n. premium n., adj. principal adj. principally adv. privatization (BrE also -isation) n. probability n. productivity n. profile n. profitable adj. provider n. provision n. purchaser n. ratio n. recession n. recommendation n. recovery n. recruit v., n. recruitment n. redundancy n. registration n. regulate v. regulator n. regulatory adj. repayment n. replacement n. resolution n. restraint n. restructure v. restructuring n. retail n., adv., v. retailing n. retailer n. revenue n. scope n. seller n. settlement n. shareholder n. short-term adj. specialize (BrE also -ise) v. specialized (BrE also -ised) adj. specification . specify v. stake n. at stake start-up adj., n. statistic n. statistics n. statutory adj. sterling n. stock exchange n. stock market n. strategic adj. strategically adv. structural adj. structurally adv. submit v. subscribe v. subscriber n. subscription n. subsequent adj. subsequently adv. subsidiary adj., n. supplier n. surplus n., adj. sustainable adj. takeover n. taxation n. taxpayer n. telecommunications (also telecoms) n. tenant n. tender n., v. trader n. transaction n. Treasury n. turnover n. uncertainty n. underlie v. underlying adj. undertake v. undertaking n. utility n. especially AmE)valuation n. variable adj., n. VAT n. (BrE)vendor n. voluntary adj. voluntarily adv. warranty n. workforce n. worldwide adj., adv. yield v., n.

Prepositio: 02

PREPOSITIONS
Insert the correct preposition in the spaces provided.

1  Examples: (time)
The meeting will be held in a few days. (= in a few days’ time)
The meeting will be held in May. (in + a month)
The meeting will be held on 15th May. (on + a day + a month)
The meeting will be held on Tuesday. (on + a day of the week)
The meeting will be held at the weekend1.
   I came to live here in 1981. (in + a year)
I’m sorry, but I can’t come at2 Christmas. (at + a public
   holiday)
   I’m sorry, but I can’t come on Christmas Eve. (a specific day)
What are you doing at the moment/at present. (set phrases)
a  Do you think she will come __________ Easter?
b  My late wife died __________ 1996.
c  He’s having a urine test __________ Thursday.
d  He suffered a nervous breakdown __________ November.
e  We are having a party __________ two weeks. Would you like to
come?

2  Examples:
We always go to the same holiday resort in (the) summer. (in +
a season)
She met him on a summer’s3 night. (more specific than in
   the summer)
   They saw the patrol car at half past ten. (at + the time)
I’ll have finished at the end of the month. (at the beginning
or end of a period of time)
We don’t like going out at night4. (at + night, midday, etc.)
   I get up early in the morning. (in the morning, afternoon,
evening)
I’m going to the concert on Friday evening. (a particular
evening)
Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was born in
   the nineteenth century. (in + a century)
She learnt to swim at (the age of) six.
a  We left home __________ sunset.
b  I’ve invited some friends to dinner __________ Christmas Day.
c  Everything happened __________ a winter’s morning.
d  Will you be ready __________ dinner time?
e  She went to university __________ 25.

3  Examples:
I haven’t seen a koala bear for5 years (and years)/three
   months/a week/ages/a long time.
   It has rained a lot for the last week/hour.
I haven’t seen a koala bear since (conjunction) I last went
   to Australia/I was a child/we arrived.
It has been pouring down with rain since (preposition) two
   o’clock.
I haven’t seen her since Monday/last week/1980/October.
   A large number of people lost their lives during/in the
   Second World War.
   We didn’t meet each other during/at the concert.
   I felt sick during6 the meal.
For expresses how long something last. Therefore, it is followed
by plural nouns or expressions containing a(n). Since indicates
that something started in the past and has just stopped or is
still going on. During tells us when something occurs. At times,
other prepositions are possible in place of during, as in the
sixth and seven instances above. However, the meaning may
change. At the concert means ‘in that place’; but during the
concert, ‘in that period of time’. There is not much difference
between ‘during the Second War World’ and ‘in the Second War
World’.
a  She didn’t get nervous __________ the interview.
b  It had been sleeting __________ over two hours.
c  Those hills have been veiled in mist __________ early this
morning.
d  He worked as a sales manager representative __________ three
years before he retired.
e  She didn’t say anything __________ the meeting.

4  Examples:
The goods that you requested from us will be delivered within7
   a week. (in the period of a week, but not later, ie before a
week)
The school will be inaugurated towards8 the end of this month.
(a little bit ealier than the end of the month)
They will be delivered by Friday. (on Friday at the latest)
By the time (that) you’ve finished your breakfast, they will
   have left. (= When you have finished your breakfast, they will
have left.)
Make sure you arrive on time9. (= Make sure that you
arrive punctual.)
You should arrive in (good) time to take your plane. (= You
should arrive early enough to take your plane.)
We arrived just in time to catch the plane. (If we had arrived
a couple of minutes later, we would have missed it.)
a  ‘Don’t be late, please.’
‘Don’t worry! I’ll be right __________ time.’
b  You’ll have to leave now if you want to arrive __________ time
for school.
c  Her novel will come out __________ the end of the year. (ie,
before the end of the year.)
d  These documents should be signed __________ Tuesday. (But not
later than Tuesday.
e  If we haven’t come back __________ two days, continue the
journey.

5  Examples:
It’s twenty past10 ten. (ie, 10.20)
   It’s twenty to ten. (ie, 9.40)
I’ll be there around11/round/(at) about nine o’clock. (at
approximately nine o’clock)
I’ll be very sad after your departure for the States. (= Once
you have left.)
He gave her a kiss before her departure for the States.
(The opposite of after, ie He gave her a kiss, and later
she departed for the States.)
They stayed at Peter’s home past12/beyond midnight. (ie,
after midnight)
They waited for her from six until/till (informal)/up to13
   (less usual) eight. (That is, they waited for two hours.)
We’ll wait for you until/till/up to14 eleven o’clock. (That is
to say, we will leave at eleven o’clock.)
As from/of15 next week, plane fares will be more expensive. (=
From next week onwards, plane fares will be more expensive.)
What did you do between last Monday and last Friday? (ie, from
last Monday to last Friday)
What did you do throughout/all through your summer holiday(s)?
(= during your summer holiday/holidays)
a  ‘Night is falling. Don’t be late!’
‘Don’t worry. It’ll be here __________ dark. It’ll only take
me about twenty minutes.’
b  Unfortunately, his bike had a puncture and got home __________
dark. This made his parents angry.
c  She’s got to be home at ten o’clock sharp, and it’s
already __________ ten, so her parents will get angry by the
time she gets home.
d  We’ll be here __________ eleven __________ twelve.
e  He stayed there __________ midday. Then, he went to have a walk
in the country.

6  Revision exercise.
a  He left home __________ the morning of the thirteenth of
December, and hasn’t come back yet.
b  ‘What do you do __________ the evenings?’
‘I read or watch TV.’
c  ‘Where’s the baby’s bottle?’
‘I don’t know. I haven’t seen it __________ you last fed her.’
d  You have a bus to catch, so hurry up if you want to be
__________ good time.
e  They have been complaining __________ the beginning of the week.
I wish they would stop complaining.
f  I sent them a letter __________ the beginning of the week. I
think they will have got it __________ now.
g  He’s been out of a job __________ a long time.
h  You’ve been nosing about in my bedroom __________ half an hour!
i  __________ my last visit to Singapore, I had a great time.
j  ‘I need this report __________ Wednesday evening.’
‘Don’t worry. You’ll have it __________ Wednesday.’ (Maybe a
bit earlier.)
k  They’re very keen on punctuality, so be there __________ time.
l  It’s half __________ twelve. (ie, 12.30)
m  It’s twenty __________ five. (ie, 4.40)
n  I want you there __________ eight. Please don’t be late, or
you’ll regret it.
o  I studied hard __________ the winter, and now I wish to have
some piece and quiet.
p  What do you like doing __________ weekends?
q  __________ going to Canada, he was in France __________ nine
weeks. (First, he spent nine weeks in France. Then, he went
to Canada.)
r  I’d like to have been born __________ the 1960s.
s  Everything happened __________ a wintry morning __________ May.
t  I rarely have a shower __________ night. I usually have
it __________ the morning.
u  Please pick me up __________ seven o’clock __________ the
evening.
v  The baby cried several times __________ the night, which is why
I couldn’t get a wink of sleep.
w  Could you collect a pair of shoes from the shoemaker
__________ noon?
x  School ends __________ 20th June.
y  Don’t call me __________ eight __________ the morning
__________ two __________ the afternoon, as I’ll be at
the office.
z  She got pregnant __________ 24.

7  Examples16:
There are no cigarettes in the packet. (in = inside)
There is a spider on the table. (surface)
There is a young man at the door. (It does not indicate ‘inside’
or ‘surface’, but an exact position in space; that is, he is
next to the door, at that point.)
a  They are sitting __________ the table, since they are going to
have lunch.
b  There’s somebody __________ the house. The lights are on.
c  He saw her crying __________ the window as he went away.
d  There’s a notice __________ the front door.
e  There was a man running __________ the field.

8  Examples:
He is sitting on a chair. (surface)
He is sitting in an armchair. (In here has the idea of ‘inside’,
as it is a chair with arms.)
They are at/on17 the corner. (of a street, ie in the outside
part where two walls meet.)
They are in18 the corner. (of a room, ie in the inside part
where two walls meet.)
I think she’s the most intelligent person in the world. (It
carries the idea of ‘inside’.)
I think she’s the most intelligent person on earth. (It conveys
the idea of ‘surface’.)
They are in the river. (inside, ie swimming)
She saw a small boat on the river. (surface, since the boat
floated on it.)
a  They’re __________ the corner of Cromwell Road and Earl Court
Road.
b  They were __________ a corner of the room playing cards.
c  He was sitting ___________ his favourite rocking chair.
d  Nobody __________ the world knows as much about computers as
he does.
e  When he entered the room, she was curled up __________ the
corner with a novel.

9  Examples:
Eivissa is an island on19 the Mediterranean Sea. (on + a line)
This village is not on the map. (on + a line)
The Pyrenees are on the border between the Iberian peninsula
   and France. (on + a line)
They are on a desert island/in Great Britain. (Great Britain is
a very large island.)
I own a shop on the ground floor. (on + a vertical line)
There was something written on20 the front/back of the sheet
   of newspaper. (surface)
He saw them at the front/back of the church. (a point in space)
Put the goods in21 the front/back of the lorry. (inside)
We live in22 Oxford Street. (in + a name of a street)
We live at 20 Oxford Street. (at + the number of the house +
the name of the street)
We live at number twenty. (at + the number of the house)
We live in France/Paris. (in + the name of a country, city,
etc.)
Have you ever been to London? (= Have you ever visited London→
have been to + a place)
He has been in London for a year now. (= He has been living
in London for a year now.)
a  She lives __________ the second floor.
b  Don’t forget to put your name and address __________ the
envelope.
c  We were fishing __________ the river when two men with machine
guns appeared. We tried to run out of the water and reach the
other bank of the river, but it was useless, since they caught
us immediately.
d  It’s __________ Regent Street.
e  It’s __________ 15 Regent Street.

10 Examples:
There’s a good film on (the) television (set phrase)/at the
   Odeon (ie, a cinema, public perfomance) tonight.
They saw him at the concert. (public perfomance)
She met him for the first time at Heathrow (Airport). (The
three dimensions of the place does not interest us at all.
‘At Heathrow’ simply means ‘at that point’.)
Let’s have a drink at the pub round the corner. (The dimensions
of the pub are not important: Let’s have a drink at that point.)
There was a lot of smoke in the pub yesterday, which made my
   eyes sting. (inside the pub; the dimensions of the pub are being
considered: perhaps the pub was too small for so many people
smoking at the same time.)
The train stops at every town. (The dimensions of the place
are unimportant. We take the place as a point on a journey23.)
a  I saw them __________ the theatre last night.
b  He talked to us __________ the party.
c  We’ll be waiting for you __________ Gatwick Airport.
d  He felt uncomfortable __________ the snack bar, as the
atmosphere was suffocating.
e  What’s __________ (the) telly this evening?

11 Examples:
She works in a bank. (We do not know what bank she works for.)
She works at the bank around the corner. (a specific bank;
the dimensions of the bank are not being regarded.)
He’s working on/at/upon a novel, project, a cure for this
   disease, etc.
He works and lives on a farm.
She’s at work/school/university/college24. (set phrases)
She was/stayed at home. (The noun ‘home’ takes the preposition
‘at’ with static verbs.)
She arrived/got/reached/went25 home. (The word ‘home’ does not
take the preposition ‘at’ with verbs of motion.)
He is in bed26. (sleeping)
He is on the bed. (sitting)
He is in hospital. (as a patient)
He is at (= at that point)/in (inside the building) the
   hospital.
He is in prison/gaol/jail. (behind bars)
He is at (at that point)/in (inside the building) the prison/
   gaol/jail. (as a visitor)
He is in/at church. (praying)
He is in (inside)/at (at that point) the church.
a  My sister is working __________ a book for children.
b  My sister works __________ MacDonald’s.
c  My sister works __________ a restaurant.
d  My sister works __________ home.
e  My sister is going __________ home.

12 Examples:
Open your books on page 125.
   You’re not in the photo.
   The bank is on the left/right. (= on the left/right-hand
side: position)
(In a car) To the left/right. (direction)
You turned (to the) left/right. (direction)
Take the second turning to (direction)/on (the one which
is situated on the left/right-hand side: position) the left/
   right.
She’s in the sea27. (swimming)
They’re at sea. (travelling by sea)
She’s at the sea. (next to the sea)
The castle is on top of the hill. (= on the hill, up on the
hill)
The castle is at the top of the hill.
a  The typewriter is __________ top of the wardrobe.
b  My father is a fisherman and is now __________ sea.
c  Let’s go for a swim __________ the sea.
d  You must read the passage __________ page 49 for tomorrow.
e  The language school is left __________ that.
____________________
1  In American English on is used: on the weekend.
2  Notice the following:
We are now on holiday.
     Where are you going for your Christmas holiday(s)?
3  Note the following:
He met her on a summer’s/summer night.
     He met her on a winter’s/winter night.
     He met her on a spring night.
     He met her on a autumn night.
4  Other prepositions are also possible, but with a change of
meaning:
I never watch television at night. (We are speaking in
a general sense.)
I had to get up twice in/during the night. (ie, last night)
We’ll go by night. (ie, so as not to be seen)
In order to avoid being caught, we’ll have to travel
     by night and sleep by day.
     We had better travel during the night and sleep during
     the day, as there is less traffic at night.
     What did you do on the night of the accident? (We
are referring to a concrete night.)
5  Observe the following:
She bought her a sweater for her birthday. (She bought her
a sweater because it was her birthday.)
She bought her a sweater on her birthday. (She bought her
a sweater on that special day.)
I want it for tomorrow.
6  Over is sometimes used to mean ‘during’ or ‘while’:
I felt sick over the meal. (ie, during the meal.)
Let’s speak about it over breakfast. (ie, while we
are having breakfast.)
She stayed here over the weekend. (ie, during the weekend.)
We had a cosy chat over a snack. (ie, while we were having
a snack.)
I got to know them over the years. (ie, thoughout/during
the years.)
She didn’t say anything over/throughout/all through dinner.
(ie, while we were having dinner.)
7  Inside is an informal alternative to within: The goods that
   you requested from us will be delivered inside a week.
Inside of is also possible, especially in American English:
The goods that you requested from us will be delivered
   inside of a week.
8  Toward is also possible, chiefly in American English.
9  Note the following: Our train arrived bang/dead/exactly/right
   on time.
10  The word ‘minutes’ is necessary when the minutes are not
multiple of five: It’s thirteen minutes to ten. The British
and American usage sometimes differ:
 British English
American English
It’s a quarter past two. It’s a quarter after two.
It’s ten to seven. (6.50) It’s ten of/to seven.
11  Note the following:
There were (a)round/about 10,000 thousand people at
     the demostration.
     The accident happen (a)round about midnight.
     There were (a)round about nine hundred people at
     the funeral.
12  Past is colloquial.
13  It is also possible to say up until or up till.
14  See the previous footnote.
15  As of is used mainly in American English.
16  In the next sections, we are going to deal with prepositions
of place, position, movement, means, and so forth.
17  Notice the following: She hit her thigh on/against the corner
   of the dining table and got a bruise on it.
18  Note that we say in the top/bottom right/left-hand corner of
   a page: Put your name and personal code in the top left-hand
   corner of the exam paper. If we say that we are in a (tight)
corner, we are in a difficult situation that we find it hard
to avoid: I was in a tight corner when someone stole my
   luggage and money in a far-off country.
19  In some cases, upon is a formal alternative to on (position,
place and time):
Eivissa is an island on/upon the Mediterranean Sea.
     Put it on/upon the table.
     On/Upon reaching our destination, we realised that
     everyone had left. (= As soon as reached our destination,…)
Do not confuse on/upon (= as soon as) with in (= while):
In reaching our destination, we met several interesting
     people. (= On our way to our destination or while/when
we were reaching our destination.)
Upon cannot be replaced with on in the following instances:
Once upon a time, there were two princesses who wanted
     to marry the same prince. (set phrase)
They were very happy as their summer holidays were
     upon them. (= very near)
There is news upon the hour. (= every hour)
She awaited his arrival day upon day. (= day after day)
20  Notice that we say at (last pages)/on (cover) the back of a
   book, but in (first pages)/on (cover) the front of a book.
21  Observe the following:
I sat in the back/front of the car.
     I sat in/at the back/front of the bus.
     She sat in the middle.
     I woke up in the middle of the night.
22  On is used in American English: We live on Madison Avenue.
23  We say This flight makes a stopover in London rather than
at London. This may be due to the fact that we usually
spend a night or two there.


25  Observe the following:
They got to France, the concert, etc., an hour ago.
     They reached France, the concert, etc., an hour ago.
     They went to France, the concert, etc., an hour ago.
     They arrived in France, Paris, etc., last week.
     They arrived at the airport, restaurant, etc., on time.
     They arrived at an agreement, conclusion, etc., last week.

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.
  1. Villagers spent two days prepapring their homes   the heavy rains and the likelihood of more flooding.
  2. I’m afraid I’m going to find it very hard to choose   the two candidates. They are both of a very high calibre.
  3. Frequent use of computer games could be as high as eighty per cent   sixteen to twenty-five-year-olds.
  4. The school’s computer system is highly vulnerable   attack from people outside trying to gain access to sensitive data.
  5. I was very impressed with our telecom provider. They sent a long and detailed letter   response to our recent complaints.
  6. There have been improvements in exam results   the board in all secondary schools throughout the country.
  7. He studied at Harvard University for three years, gaining a qualification   management and finance.
  8. There should be major changes to the way passports are issued and checked   the next three to four years.
  9. It is now possible to obtain liquified gas and varoius bio-fuels   an alternative to conventional petrol and diesel at many UK petrol stations.
  10. The demand   people with manual trade skills such as carpentry and plumbing has recently risen greatly in the UK.
  11. Even though reports of robberies have risen by thirty percent, police arrests of robbers are   an all-time low.
  12. Senior politicians in all parties are calling   an end to the way many rich people can avoid paying taxes by spending part of the year out of the country.

বালিয়া মসজিদ জ্বীনের মসজিদ  স্থানীয়ভাবে এবং লোকমুখে জ্বীনের মসজিদ নামে পরিচিত এ মসজিদটির প্রকৃত নাম ‘বালিয়া মসজিদ’। জমিদার মেহের বকস চৌধুরী ...